Itzhak Bars
Research
Interests
My current interests include mainly String Field Theory (SFT),
and Two-Time Physics (2T-Physics), but these are related to
several other topics in which I am currently active as outlined below.
Some of my early
contributions to string theory include the non-trivial quantization
of the two-dimensional string, and the first treatment of 1-branes interacting
with 0-branes (interpreted as quarks at the ends of a string). This work
established a firm and explicit relation between string
theory and large-N QCD in two dimensions. The more recent AdS-CFT correspondence includes an analogous endeavor that
establishes a relation between field theory and string theory in one higher
dimension. The AdS-CFT approach mainly involves the
gauge sector, as opposed to the matter sector treated in my early work. How to
make use of such ideas to make progress in real QCD in four dimensions is one
of the challenges that I think about.
The action for the superparticle suggested in 1981 by Brink & Schwarz was discovered earlier in 1975 in the context of supersymmetric
quarks at the ends of a string. The covariant quantization of the
superparticle and superstring continue to be a challenge today, and is part of
my research
on the way to the supersymmetric generalization of string field theory.
In the conformal field theory era of string theory I emphasized the importance
of strings moving in backgrounds with curved space-time, since string theory
should play its main role during the (surely curved) early universe. With this
in mind, I introduced some of the first exactly
solvable string models in curved spacetime,
including the SL(2,R)/R
model which was later understood by Witten to be a model for strings on black
holes. I continue to research this general topic in the context of string field
theory and cosmology.
My interest in higher dimensions began by providing the first
evidence that 11 dimensions is critical for the quantum consistency of the supermembrane. After the strings-95 conference that marked
the second superstring revolution, I emphasized in my 1995 talks that
structures based in (10,2) dimensions were
evident in the extended
algebra of M-theory. Soon afterwards, papers suggesting more
timelike dimensions began to appear.
This led to my proposal of an algebraic S-theory
in 1996, which helped develop some 2T
notions in collaboration with Costas Kounnas.
Finally that approach developed into a rather basic and fundamental dynamical
form based on Sp(2,R) gauge symmetry in a 1998
paper with Oleg Andreev and Cemsinan Deliduman, and then transformed into a
general 2T-physics
theory in its own right. Later I found connections to some work by Dirac in
1926 and Salam in the 1970's in connection with conformal symmetry SO(d,2) (one
extra space and one extra time compared to Lorentz symmetry SO(d-1,1) ), which
can now be understood as some of the consequences of 2T-physics. The sort of symplectic gauge symmetry of 2T-physics may well explain
the duality and holographic properties of the mysterious M-theory.
My work on 2T
field theory based on the Moyal product is what led me to discover the
Moyal star formulation of string field theory (MSFT). This was motivated by the
observations that, on the one hand, a very similar formalism of non-commutative
field theory and Chern-Simons type actions emerged
naturally in both cases, and on the other hand, bosonized
ghosts in string field theory play a role similar to a second timelike coordinate. Through MSFT I set out to learn
something from string field theory to apply it to 2T-physics. I hope to
bring the experience of MSFT back into 2T-physics and get to a higher level of
unification.
String Field Theory (SFT)
Since the early stages of string theory in the 1970s, string field theory (SFT)
was recognized to be a non-perturbative approach to string theory. Among all
the formulations of string theory since its inception, string field theory
stands out as the most complete scheme as a non-perturbative formulation that
seems, in principle, to be better positioned to answer the central physics
questions. One of the main goals of SFT (and indeed of all the efforts in
string theory) is understanding the vacuum state and
how we ended up in four dimensions. This includes elucidating the physics of
the very early universe and how this determined the gauge symmetries (forces)
and the families of quarks and leptons (matter) that we observe today.
Many attempts have been made over the past 30 years to formulate and develop
computational tools in SFT. While all of these approaches were correct, the
proposed formalisms were too cumbersome to extract easily non-perturbative or
even perturbative information about string theory. In 2001 I introduced the
Moyal Star Formulation of String Field Theory (MSFT)
as a computational framework for Witten's cubic open string field theory. The
novelty was that string interaction was re-formulated in terms of the simple
Moyal product indicative of an induced quantum mechanics which is produced by
string joining. The advantage of MSFT is that the resulting non-commutative
field theory is much simpler for practical computations because the Moyal star
product replaces conformal field theory or the oscillator approach in all SFT
computations. This leads to new non-perturbative computational techniques
directly in MSFT without recourse to cumbersome maps to conformal field theory
which is anchored essentially in perturbative string theory.
MSFT is now the simplest description of string interactions in the context of a
complete and nonperturbative formulation of open
string theory. Having demonstrated that D-branes, as well as closed strings,
emerge non-perturbatively in open string field
theory, it is quite possible that a supersymmetric version of MSFT (still to be
achieved) will amount to some version of the complete M-theory.
Much of the new computational technology was developed with my collaborators
Yutaka Matsuo and Isao Kishimoto, and more recently
with Inyong Park. We have applied MSFT to both
perturbative string physics (new results for off-shell string amplitudes) and
non-perturbative string physics (analysis of the true vacuum of string theory,
D-branes). In these areas MSFT has yielded new results that were not obtained
before, while at the same time we have verified that MSFT is in detailed
agreement with other approaches to string theory (conformal field theory,
oscillator formalism etc.).
Finding the true vacuum is one of the most important challenges in string
theory. We introduced an analytic
approach, and applied it to the solution of the classical string field
equations, including interactions. It was possible to obtain all exact
solutions, including the vacuum solution, when an anomalous term in the energy
of the midpoint of the string is neglected. The anomalous midpoint energy was
then treated as a perturbation, and the first two terms were computed. This
ongoing program is expected to yield analytic insight into the true vacuum
of string theory.
Ongoing projects include generalizing the MSFT approach to strings in curved
backgrounds (I have in mind applications to early cosmology) and supersymmetrization in the covariant Green-Schwarz or Berkovits formalism (which will amount to a full definition
of a version of M-theory). I have already achieved the first important step of
formulating the generalization of the Moyal star product for strings in these
conditions, and will next construct the BRST operator, which will complete the
definition of the theory. After that I will be looking forward to many
applications.
Two-Time Physics (2T-physics)
Starting
with the 1998
formulation of Two-Time Physics (2T-physics), which was
inspired by 2T notions in earlier papers since 1995,
evidence has been mounting that the ordinary formulation of physics, in
a space-time with three space and one time dimensions (1T-physics), is
insufficient to describe our world.
A
one-page summary of the concepts of 2T-physics can be found in this diagram with related narrative below. Some of my
lectures on 2T-physics at different levels (public, colloquium, research
seminar) are available online. For
technical information please refer to my 2T-physics papers.
According
to the body of work in 2T-physics, there is more to space-time than can be
garnered with 1T-physics. 2T-physics introduces additional one space and one
time dimensions, which can coexist with the familiar 3+1 dimensions as well as
extra space dimensions of tiny sizes known as Kaluza-Klein-type
dimensions, but the new ones have very different properties. First of all,
the extra 1+1 dimensions in 2T-physics are not small. However, there are gauge
symmetries that effectively reduce 2T-physics in 4+2 dimensions to 1T-physics
in 3+1 dimensions without any Kaluza-Klein remnants.
The reduction is not unique because there is an infinite variety of 3+1
embeddings in 4+2 dimensions (more generally (d-1)+1
in d+2), and this is what is non-trivial and rich in emergent space-times and
1T-physics content.
To
help grasp the relation between 1T-physics and 2T-physics, consider the many
possible shadows of a 3 dimensional object projected from different
perspectives on the surrounding walls of a 3-dimensional room. A flatlander
that can crawl and measure only on the surface of the walls would think that
the shadows of different shapes are different “beasts” and move differently.
Similarly, even though according to 2T-physics a unique dynamical system in 4+2
dimensions generates a large variety of 1-time “shadows”', 1T-physics presents
these “shadows” in 3+1 dimensional
space-times as different dynamical systems in terms of different Hamiltonians
(different times).
In
this way 1T-physics misses the underlying relationship between the “shadows” as
well as the underlying properties (e.g. symmetries) of the higher dimensional
space-time. Actually, it turns out that each “shadow” is a holographic image
that retains all the information of the d+2 structure. This information takes
the form of hidden symmetries, dualities and other non-trivial structures,
which are hard to notice by the 1T physicist that investigates the “shadows”
(i.e. different dynamical systems). But he/she could in principle discover the
hidden information. 2T-physics provides the missing information to the 1T
physicist who can verify by experiment or computation that indeed the d+2
structure of space-time governs all levels of physics, from macroscopic to
microscopic scales, in classical and quantum systems, including the fundamental
physics of quarks, leptons and force particles described by the Standard Model
of Particles and Forces, and beyond.
The
permitted motions in 4+2 phase space are highly symmetrical, as they are
constrained by a Sp(2,R) gauge symmetry that makes
momentum and position indistinguishable at any instant. Such Sp(2,R) symmetric motions in 4+2 dimensions are completely
compatible with the way physics is perceived in 3+1 dimensions. In particular,
there are no problems with causality or unitarity
because the extra 1+1 space-time (chosen in distinguishable ways from the point
of view of 1T-physics) is removable by the gauge symmetry.
The
two timelike dimensions were not introduced
whimsically “by hand”. As mentioned
above, 2T-physics is based on gauging the symplectic
transformations Sp(2,R) acting on phase space (XM,PM).
One of the fundamental results of this new gauge principle is that, in order to
be nontrivial, it requires the theory to be formulated in a spacetime
having at least two times. While taking exactly two timelike
dimensions produces a coherent theory, investigations of alternatives with more
than two times have been done (including alternatives to Sp(2,R)). So far such possibilities are ruled out
because of problems with ghosts and unitarity, and
this seems to confirm the special status of 2T-physics.
Recently,
a field theoretic description of 2T-physics has been established. Amazingly,
the best understood fundamental theory in Physics, the Standard Model of
Particles and Forces (SM) in 3+1 dimensions, is reproduced
as one of the “shadows” of a parent field
theory in 4+2 dimensions. The emergent SM agrees with all aspects that
actually work experimentally so far in the usual SM. It also suggests that the
electro-weak phase transition must be driven by a new particle (perhaps the dilaton) thus leading to a new scenario for the mass
generation mechanism that is possibly related to other phase transitions in the
history of the universe.
The
field theoretic studies of 2T-physics have been generalized to supersymmetric
field theory with N=1,2,4 supersymmetry. It is
expected that the more constraining structure of the underlying 4+2 theory has
phenomenological consequences that would be relevant to distinguish 2T-physics
from other approaches in experiments at the LHC starting in 2008, if
supersymmetry is found experimentally at the TeV
scale.
The
field theory version of 2T-physics suggests new emergent principles in field
theory. These have been enunciated in a paper
that explores dual field
theories in (d-1)+1 emergent spacetimes from a
unifying field theory in d+2 spacetime.
Prior
to recent success in field theory, the work on 2T-physics since 1998 had mostly
concentrated on the worldline formalism of particles,
and had demonstrated that 2T-physics stands above 1T-physics as a structure
that encompasses and explains phenomena which appear very surprising from the
point of view of 1T-physics.
The
prior work on 2T-physics during 1998-2004 extended the initial concepts in
several directions, including spinning
particles, supersymmetry,
and interactions of particles with background
fields (electromagnetism, gravity, and all higher spin fields). Covariant
quantization of 2T systems led to field
theoretic equations of motion but without an action principle, and a non-commutative
approach was developed for 2T-field theory in phase
space. There was also some limited work on the world-sheet or world volume
level for the 2T-physics formulation of strings
and branes. Some hidden 10+2 or 11+2 structures in supergravity and
M-theory, in the AdS5
x S5 and
other compactifications, were also identified and explained
as features of 2T-physics.
After
some excursions into String Field Theory during 2001-2004 to explore
non-commutative aspects, extensive research on 2T-physics resumed in 2004-2005.
This was sparked by the twistor superstring and its relation to the twistor gauge
of 2T-physics. New unifying roles for twistors were discovered and a new
approach to spinning particles led to a new hidden SU(2,3) duality symmetry that includes conformal
symmetry SU(2,2).
These
older results, along with the more recent field theory successes mentioned
above, have established that 2T-physics is a structure that correctly
describes, at least in principle, all the physics we have understood up to now.
But 2T-physics emerged also as a unification scheme that suggests the existence
of new relationships and new phenomena that are not even hinted by 1T-physics
and which remain so far largely unexplored both theoretically and
experimentally.
This
2T-physics point of view provides new mathematical tools and new insights for
understanding our universe. It
also suggests a new paradigm for the construction of a fundamental theory that
is likely to impact on the quest for unification.
For systems that are already understood, 2T-physics tells us that the
description of dynamics via the usual 1T-formalism should be interpreted as
emergent dynamics that holographically represents an
image of a deeper higher dimensional structure in one extra space and one extra
time. A lot more work awaits to be done in this
direction to reveal the hidden dimensions in various 1T systems, including in
the field theory formalism. Ultimately we expect
2T-physics to be useful not only for insights into the deeper structures, but
also as a calculational tool that takes advantage of
the dualities
and hidden symmetries in 1T-physics field theory.
For systems that are not yet understood or even constructed, such as M-theory,
2T-physics points to a possible approach for a more symmetric and more
revealing formulation in 11+2 dimensions that can lead to deeper insights,
including a better understanding of space and time. The 2T approach could be
one of the possible avenues to construct the most symmetric version of the
fundamental theory.